Bioterrorism

[[image:bioterrorism.PNG]] [[image:지은_나_구마하.PNG]]
//U.S. Army personnel wear gas masks during a chemical and biological warfare drill, 1990. [U.S. Department of Defense] // // [] //



 Bioterrorism is would be divided to one of terrorism by international attack or dissemination of biological agents such as toxins, viruses or bacteria. Because of its strong destroying ability and potential fatal consequences, it is flowing up as a serious social issue through the world. As it brings out tremendous result in short time, it is quiet attractive weapon. A bioterrorism attack is the release of biological agents (bacteria, viruses, or toxins) and causes illness or death to human, animals and even plants. The biological agents used for the bioterrorism are found in nature, but it is developed by human-modified form and gets higher ability. They would be spread through air, water, and food.

Then ** why do the terrorists try so hard to apply the bioterrorism attack? ** There are several reasons. First of all, biological agents are extremely difficult to be detected and do not bring the result for certain hours to days. Therefore, they can get the consequence what they expect fatally. Moreover, biological agents are not expensive and relatively easy to produce so that it would be easy to disseminate. From those, the terrorists can cause fear and panic from their enemies.

On the other hand, bioterrorism has several ** limitations **. It is true that the bio-weapons are fatal and useful in terrorists’ position. However, in reality, it is difficult to use it only for the enemies. Moreover, it creates not only fear and panic, but it would bring the chaos. If the agents are exposed through the air, it would bring genetic confusion in the society. ​



The goal of bioterrorism is usually to create fear and/or intimidate governments or societies for gaining political, religious, or ideological goals. Moreover, it is the best way to get what they want easily as giving extreme fear and panic.

2008 –Microbiologist Bruce Ivins, commits suicide just as the Justice Department is about to file murder charges against him as the lead suspect in the 2001 anthrax attacks.

2003 – Led by President George Bush, the USA and UK attack Iraq to remove bioweapons.

2002 - On June 12, President George W. Bush signs an anti-bioterrorism contact to provide training to health care workers on how to respound to a bioterrorism attack.

2002 - Martin Rees, predicts that by 2020 there will be millions of people that will cause bioterrorism attacks.

2001 – Several news agencies receive anonymous letters containing anthrax. Twenty-two people become ill and five people died.

1997 - The Chemical Weapons Convention decides to limit the development, production, and use of chemical weapons.

1984 - The Australia Group, is formed to increase exports of chemical weapons.

1984 - Members of the Rajneeshee poison 751 residents by spraying Salmonella.

1972 - On April 10, the Biological Weapons Convention is signed by Washington, London, and Moscow in response to growing worries over biological weapons use.

1962 - U.S. forces begin using Agents Orange and Blue in Vietnam to defoliate areas around bases.

1957 - The United States finishes standardizing the VX nerve agent for weapons use, building a plant in Indiana to produce the agent.

1950 - The United States Navy sprays San Francisco with Serratia marcescens and Bacillus subtilis to test coverage area in a biological weapons attack on the city.

1948 - The new M-9 protective mask is developed to protect against both chemical and biological warfare agents.

1942 - Great Britain tests weaponized anthrax on an island off the northwest coast of Scotland.

1942 - The National Academy of Sciences recommends that the United States take steps to reduce its vulnerability to biological warfare.

1935 - In Ethiopia, Italian forces use mustard bombs and aerosol sprayers against Abyssinian guerrillas. The League of Nations imposes limited economic sanctions on Italy.

1925 - On June 17, the Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare is signed, condemning their use except in defense to first use by an aggressor.

1919 - The Treaty of Versailles prohibits Germany from producing, importing, or using poisonous gases on June 28.

1917 - The United States Army establishes a Gas Service in the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) to research and produce toxic gases.

1915 - The Germans first use chlorine gas against the Allied forces in World War I. The British quickly retaliate with chlorine and phosgene.

1899 - The First Hague Convention with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land forbids the use of projectiles filled with deleterious gases.

//In modern times, the effort to use biological weapons has been more apparent from small radical groups to attracting the eyes of large and strong organization as they create fear and panic. //

In 1984, people from Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh planned to control a local election as menacing the local population. This act by bioterrists is done by infecting salad bars in 11 restaurants, grocery stores, doorknobs and other public domains. They assaulted even 751 people from food poisoning. However, fortunately, there was no death. This accident was the first bioterrorist attack in USA in 20th century.
 * 1984-USA-Rajneeshee bioterror attack **

In June of 1993, Aum Shinrikyo which is the religious group delivered anthrax out in Tokyo in Japan. However, this incident was totally failed as infecting even not for a person. This case shows how spreading bio agents are difficult to release in only one place they want perfectly.
 * 1993-Japan-Aum Shinrikyo anthrax release in Kameido **

In September to October of 2001, there was several anthrax attacks caused deliberately. In the USA, letters laced with infectious anthrax were delivered to the news media center and the U.S. congress. 5 people were killed by this anthrax attack.
 * 2001-USA-Anthrax Attacks **



Because of the globalization, there are lots of conflicts are created especially from the developing countries. In the developing countries, there becoming poorer. However, their complains are ignored by the developed countries like the documentary called The Black Gold. Therefore, the terror is occurs in the developed countries mostly. For example, the small groups of the terrorists want something from the government and terror the important place politically. Therefore, the government at least they try to know what they want from the government.
 * 1. ****Economic globalization **

Bioterrorism relates to political globalization because governments all around the world are working together to stop the creation of bioterrorist weapons and bombs. From bioterrorism, it would be influenced on not only the terrorists’ enemies, also fatal through the world. Thus, all the nations are working together to find the people responsible for injuring and killing people. Basically, governments are working together to stop bioterrorism as discussing how to prevent the situation. Moreover, as it is easy and brings tremendous amount of consequent, the small group whose assertions are refused usually try to apply the bioterrorism.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">2. ****<span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">Political globalization **

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Moreover, the bioterrorism gives huge effects socially. For example, in 2001, there was an anthrax bioterror in USA. The virus called anthrax is very strong virus and if a person got this then if this people got threat in 4 days then 90% dead. Therefore, the Americans fell in the fear and it effected psychologically. The one of the main goal of the terror is creating intensive fear to people and to gain what they want from the government. Therefore, when the people fell in fears, then that governments need to give what they want finally.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">3. ****<span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">Social globalization **

The globalization also gives effects culturally. The heresy religion is also a result of the globalization because the globalization brings lots of different theories and those theories could change the people. For example, in 20th march, 1995, in Japan, there was a heresy religion called Aum and they put the gas in 5 subways. However, the way to emit the gas was not quiet correct and therefore only 12 people were died and about 5000 people were injured. The Aum’s religious sect leader told the people that there will be the end of the world because of the chemical substances and the weapons which is a lie. He tried to show people that he predicted and therefore he told other people to emit the gas in the subways.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">4. ****<span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">Cultural globalization **



<span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">1) The general sign of biohazard : warning people about bio materials which would be fatal for human body 2) A people exposed by bioterrorism is carried by paramedics 3) A little girl got shocked by bioterrorism and carried on a litter 4) The map shows the relative level of threat of bioterrorism in 132 major cities in the United States

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[] <span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 16pt;">; It shows an example case of bioterrorism by food. In this case, there were found toxic chemicals in milk and customers got suffered from this terror.

<span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt;"> Eun Hee, LEE. //Hari Hara's Biology Cafe//. Seoul: Gab Sue LEE, 2002. Print.

“Bioterrorism: Timeline.” Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 5 May 2010. <[|http://www.issues.abc-clio.com]>

//<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal;">Evans, R. Gregory. “Bioterrorism: Outlook.” Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 12 May 2010. <[|http://www.issues.abc-clio.com]> //

//<span style="color: #404040; font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal;">Block, Steven M. "The growing threat of biological weapons", American Scientist (American Scientist). Web. 28 Jan 2001. 5 May 2010. <[]> //

<span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">"Bioterrorism." //Wikepedia//. 22 May 2009. Web. 4 May 2010. <__ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioterroris __ __<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">m __<span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">> //<span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt;"> Types of Bioterrorism //<span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">. 28 Aug. 2008. Web. 10 May 2010. <__ h __ __<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">ttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/b/bioterrorism/subtypes.htm// __<span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">>

//American Academy of Family Physicians. "Bioterrorism." <span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">FamilyDoctor //<span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">. 11 Jan. 2010. Web. 3 May 2010. //<// __<span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/healthy/safety/safety/710.html __<span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">> <span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard','serif'; font-size: 14pt;"> Dr. T. M. Wassenaar. "Bioterrorism." //The virtual museum of bacteria//. 23 Dec. 2008. Web. 3 May 2010. <__ http://www.bacteriamuseum.org/cms/Special-features/bioterrorism.html __>.